‘Frozen Eye’ ? Post Blowout Fracture Surgical Correction ? A Case Report

The Rationale: “Frozen Eye” is a very uncommon sequel after treatment of orbital blowout fractures requiring implant placement. Patient Concerns: The implant may faultily impinge on the ocular and extra?ocular muscle(s), causing the abnormality in the movement of the eye. Diagnosis: We present a 56?year?old male whose ocular implant impinged on muscle, causing “frozen eye” and had an infected implant. Treatment Outcomes: The same was removed and surgically corrected. The manuscript describes the details and discusses the possible mechanism that led to the “Frozen Eye”

Technique optimization of intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of Evans blue combined with retinal preparations in mice / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To optimize the technique of intravenous injection of Evans blue and retinal preparations in mice, improving the accuracy and repeatability of staining experiment of retinal preparations.METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were intravenous injected with 10g/L(1%)Evans Blue 0.3mL and circulated in vivo for 10 or 20min, and the eyes were removed after sacrificed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20, 40 or 60min. When failure of intravenous injection, the experiment was remediated by intraperitoneal injection of 1% Evans Blue 0.3mL, circulated in vivo for 3h and fixed for 60min to observe morphology, distribution and leakage of the retinal vessels. Besides, we compared the morphology, distribution and leakage of the retinal vessels after intravenous injection with those after intraperitoneal injection to determine the optimal conditions for in vivo circulation time and retinal preparations.RESULTS: After intravenous injection, compared to the retinal vascular condition under 20min in vivo circulation time of Evans blue and 20 or 40min of fixation, with 10min of in vivo Evans blue circulation and 60min of fixation, the morphology of retinal vascular was more intact with less retinal vascular leakage, and the vascular branches are clear. When intravenous injection failed, remediated results from intraperitoneal injection showed that the morphology and distribution of retinal vessels were intact. There was no significant difference in morphology, distribution and leakage of the retinal vessels after 3h of intraperitoneal Evans blue circulation compared to 10min intravenous Evans blue circulation.CONCLUSION: This experiment optimizes the protocol, improves the accuracy and reproducibility of retinal preparations, and provides a reference for the study of related retinal vascular diseases.

Influence of exophthalmos on design of double eyelid incision / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To compare the postoperative effects of double eyelid surgery with different exophthalmos to find its influence on the surgery and necessary changes in preoperative design and during operation.Methods:A total of 50 female patients with single eyelid seeking beauty from June 2021 to March 2022 were selected from the Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. The ocular protrusion was measured by HETEL ophthalmostatometer before surgery. Both eyes at 12-15 mm were taken as normal group ( n=26), both eyes at 16-18 mm as mild protrusion group ( n=14) and both eyes at 19-22 mm as severe protrusion group ( n=10). All the patients were treated with double-eyelid surgery by orbital septum and unified postoperative nursing. Results:After six months of follow-up, there was no difference in eyelid width with closed eyes (all P>0.05). The width of double eyelid with open eyes in normal group was smaller than that in mild protrusion group ( F=23.23, all P<0.05), and the width of double eyelid with open eyes in mild protrusion group was smaller than that in severe protrusion group ( F=47.70, all P<0.05). There was no difference in the improvement rate of facial aesthetics among the three groups ( P>0.05). The " feeling of meet" and scar formation in the normal group were less than those in the mild protrusion group ( F=16.92, F=33.45, all P<0.05), and the " feeling of meet" and scar formation in the mild protrusion group were less than those in the severe protrusion group ( F=27.93, F=28.53, all P<0.05). The improvement rate of normal group was higher than that of mild and severe protrusion group (χ 2=7.25, 7.89, all P<0.05). There was no difference in the improvement rate between the mild and severe protrusion groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In clinical practice, it is necessary to make corresponding changes in the preoperative design and operation of double eyelid surgery for patients with high eyeball protrusion.

Caracterización de la herida corneal en el servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo / Characterization of corneal wound in the Ophthalmology service of the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo / Caracterização da ferida corneana no serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo

RESUMEN Introducción: En el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" se desconocen las características de los pacientes atendidos por herida corneal. Objetivo: Caracterizar la herida corneal en pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Oftalmología del citado hospital en el período de enero de 2014 a julio de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal del total de pacientes con este diagnóstico (n=35). Se estudiaron las variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, actividad que realizaba, tipo de herida, complicaciones; tipo de tratamiento y modificaciones de la agudeza visual de acuerdo al tratamiento que aplicó. Resultados: El 80,0 % de los pacientes fueron hombres, tenían entre 19 y 40 años de edad (57,0 %), procedían de áreas rurales (66,0 %) y se dedicaban a actividades laborales (60,0 %). El 91,0 % presentó una herida corneal penetrante. La catarata traumática fue la complicación más frecuente (40,0 %). El 97,0 % de los pacientes recibió tratamiento quirúrgico y sutura de la herida. Antes y después del tratamiento, el 54,0 % y el 40,0 %, respectivamente, de los pacientes presentaron agudeza visual visión cuenta dedos a percepción luminosa. Conclusiones: La herida corneal no es un problema de salud, pero sí interfiere negativamente en la calidad de vida de los perjudicados al afectar la agudeza visual.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Characteristics of the patients treated for corneal wound remain unknown at the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto". Objective: To characterize the corneal wound in patients admitted to the ophthalmology service of the aforementioned hospital in the period from January 2014 to July 2019. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study of all patients with this diagnosis (n = 35) was carried out. The variables studied were: gender, age, origin, activity carried out at the time of injury, type of wound, complications, type of treatment and modifications of visual acuity, according to the treatment applied. Results: 80.0% of the patients were men, 57.0% were between 19 and 40 years old, 66.0% came from rural areas and 60.0% were engaged in work activities. 91.0% presented a penetrating corneal wound. Traumatic cataract was the most frequent complication (40.0%). 97.0% of the patients received surgical treatment and wound suture. Before and after treatment, 54.0% and 40.0% of the patients, respectively, presented visual acuity, counting finger vision and light perception. Conclusions: Corneal wounds are not a health problem, but it does negatively interfere with the quality of life of those affected by affecting visual acuity.

RESUMO Introdução: No Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", não se conhecem as características dos pacientes tratados por ferida corneana. Objetivo: Caracterizar a ferida corneana em pacientes internados no serviço de Oftalmologia do referido hospital no período de janeiro de 2014 a julho de 2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e longitudinal de todos os pacientes com esse diagnóstico (n=35). As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, procedência, atividade realizada, tipo de ferida, complicações; tipo de tratamento e modificações da acuidade visual de acordo com o tratamento aplicado. Resultados: 80,0% dos pacientes eram homens, tinham entre 19 e 40 anos (57,0%), procediam da zona rural (66,0%) e exerciam atividades laborais (60,0%). 91,0% apresentavam ferida penetrante na córnea. Catarata traumática foi a complicação mais frequente (40,0%). 97,0% dos pacientes receberam tratamento cirúrgico e sutura da ferida. Antes e após o tratamento, 54,0% e 40,0%, respectivamente, dos pacientes apresentavam acuidade visual, visão de contagem de dedos e percepção luminosa. Conclusões: A ferida corneana não é um problema de saúde, mas interfere negativamente a qualidade de vida das pessoas feridas, afetando a acuidade visual.

Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potential in Different Parts of Visual Impairment / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the quantitative and qualitative differences of visual evoked potential (VEP) in monocular visual impairment after different parts of visual pathway injury.@*METHODS@#A total of 91 subjects with monocular visual impairment caused by trauma were selected and divided into intraocular refractive media-injury group (eyeball injury group for short), optic nerve injury group, central nervous system injury and intracranial combined injury group according to the injury cause and anatomical segment. Pattern Reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) P100 peak time and amplitude, Flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP) P2 peak time and amplitude were recorded respectively. SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the differences of quantitative (peak time and amplitude) and qualitative indexes (spatial frequency sweep-VEP acuity threshold, and abnormal waveform category and frequency) of the four groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with healthy eyes, the PR-VEP P100 waveforms of the intraocular eyeball injury group and the F-VEP P2 waveforms of the optic nerve group showed significant differences in prolonged peak time and decreased amplitude in injured eyes (P<0.05). The PR-VEP amplitudes of healthy eyes were lower than those of injured eyes at multiple spatial frequencies in central nervous system injury group and intracranial combined injury group (P<0.05).The amplitude of PR-VEP in patients with visual impairment involving central injury was lower than that in patients with eye injury at multiple spatial frequencies. The frequency of VEP P waveforms reaching the threshold of the intraocular injury group and the optic nerve injury group were siginificantly different from the intracranial combined injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3), and the frequency of abnormal reduction of VEP amplitude of threshold were significantly different from the central nervous system injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3).@*CONCLUSIONS@#VEP can distinguish central injury from peripheral injury, eyeball injury from nerve injury in peripheral injury, but cannot distinguish simple intracranial injury from complex injury, which provides basic data and basis for further research on the location of visual impairment injury.

Research progress of septic retina and optic nerve damage / 中华危重病急救医学

The main mechanisms of sepsis induced organ damage are microcirculation dysfunction, host immune response imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. As one of the most metabolically active organs in the human body, the retina can be damaged in sepsis. Studies have shown that nearly 50% of patients with sepsis have changes such as slow retinal blood flow, exudation, hemorrhage, and retinal microaneurysm formation, which are far higher than clinicians' expectations. For individuals, the importance of the eyeball has always surpassed this organ itself. Even the slight deterioration of visual ability may be closely related to daily activities. However, the ICU physicians are mainly concerned with the dysfunction of the "large" organs, it is only noticed when the patient has an irreversible visual impairment. In addition, the eyes can also "reflect" the severity of the disease and predict the prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to re-understand and pay more attention to this organ in sepsis. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, possible pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of septic retinal and optic nerve injury, to raise the concern about "eyeball" injury in septic patients.

Finite element analysis of the effect of local posterior sclera collagen cross-linking on eyeball shape / 生物医学工程学杂志

China is the country with high incidence of high myopia in the world. High myopia can cause severe vision impairment. So far, there is no effective treatment for high myopia in clinic. Scleral collagen cross-linking surgery has been proven to be effective in preventing animal eye axial elongation

Trauma ocular en el servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto, 2014-2019 / Eye trauma in the ophthalmology consultation in the General Teaching Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto in the period 2014-2019

RESUMEN * Introducción: En el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" se desconocen las características de los pacientes atendidos por trauma ocular. Objetivo: Caracterizar el trauma ocular en pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Oftalmología del citado hospital en el período de enero de 2014 a julio de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal del total de pacientes con este diagnóstico (n=49). Se estudiaron las variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, ocupación, tipo de trauma, diagnóstico y complicaciones, y modificaciones de la agudeza visual de acuerdo al tratamiento que aplicó. Resultados: El 79,0 % de los pacientes fueron hombres, tenían entre 19 y 40 años de edad (43,0 %), procedían de áreas rurales (57,0 %) y se dedicaban a labores agrícolas (45,0 %). El 76,0 % presentó un trauma ocular abierto, la herida corneal fue el más usual (55,1 %). El 95,9 % de los pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y reparación de la herida el 83,6 %. Antes y después del tratamiento, el 47,0 % y el 41,0 % respectivamente de los pacientes presentaron agudeza visual y visión cuenta dedos a percepción luminosa. La catarata traumática fue la complicación más frecuente (33,0 %). Conclusiones: El trauma no es un problema de salud, pero sí limita la calidad de vida de los perjudicado al afectar la agudeza visual.

ABSTRACT * Introduction: The characteristics of the patients with eye trauma treated in the General Teaching Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto remain mostly unknown. Objective: To characterize eye trauma in the patients in the ophthalmology consultation in the mentioned institution, in the stretch of time between January 2014 to July 2019. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out on the total amount of patients with the diagnosis (n=49). The different variables taken into account were: gender, age, place of origin, occupation, type of trauma, diagnosis and complications, and the modifications in visual acuity according to the treatment given. Results: 79.0 % of the patients were men, with ages ranging between 19 to 40 years old (43.0 %), from rural areas (57.0 %), and involved in agricultural works (45.0 %). 76.0 % were open eye traumas, being corneal wounds the most common one (55.1%). 95.9 % of the patients were surgically treated, and 83.6 % went through wound healing processes. Before and after the treatment, the 47.0 % and the 41.0 % of the patients, respectively, presented visual acuity and good 'counting fingers' and 'visual perception' tests results. Traumatic cataracts were the most common complication (33.0 %). Conclusions: eye traumas are not a significant health issue, but impacts directly in the life quality of the affected, damaging their visual acuity.

Clinical observation on post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy treated with the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect on post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy treated with the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy.@*METHODS@#A total of 46 patients with post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 23 cases in each one. In the control group, the intramusclar injection of mecobalamine at the buttock region was given, 1 mL each time, once every two days, 3 times weekly. Besides, citicoline sodium capsules were prescribed for oral administration, 0.2 g each time, 3 times daily. In the observation group, on the base of the treatment as the control group, the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy was supplemented. Acupoints on the health sides included Juliao (ST 3) and Hanyan (GB 4), acupoints on the affected side included Jingming (BL 1), Sibai (ST 2), Yangbai (GB 14), Cuanzhu (BL 2), Shangming (Extra), Sizhukong (TE 23), Tongziliao (GB 1) and bilateral Fengchi (GB 20), Quchi (LI 11), Pianli (LI 6), Waiguan (TE 5), Hegu (LI 4) were selected. The needles were retained for 30 min in each acupuncture treatment, once a day, 5 times weekly. The treatment for 4 weeks was required in the two groups. Before and after treatment, the score of cervical range of motion (CROM), pupil size, eye fissure width and eyeball mobility were observed in the patients of the two groups. The clinical effect was evaluated in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, CROM scores and pupil size were reduced in the patients of the two groups (<0.05), and the values in the observation group were lower than the control group (<0.05). The eye fissure width and eyeball mobility were increased in the two groups (<0.05), the eye fissure width and the mobility of the muscles of rectus internus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique in the observation group were larger than the control group (<0.05). The effective rate was 82.6% (19/23) in the observation group, higher than 65.2% (15/23) in the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contrallateral needling therapy effectively relieves diplopia, pupil dilation, narrow eye fissure and limited eyeball mobility in the patients with post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy.

Study on the measurement formula of intraocular lens in primary hospitals of minority areas / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To compare and study the differences of eyeball biometric measurements among Han, Hani and Yi nationality in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture(Honghe Prefecture), and prediction accuracy of the intraocular lens(IOL)degree by SRK-T and Haigis formulas in the different eye axes, to provide further objective clinical evidence for the majority of basic-level hospitals and the blind prevention and treatment projects in minority areas.<p>METHODS: Selected 186 cases(200 eyes)cataract patients in our department, divided them into three groups according to different nations, get their eyeball biometric measurements(ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth and corneal curvature)by A-ultrasound combined with corneal curvature meter and corneal topography, and then compared the differences. According to the different eye axes, they were divided into three groups and then randomly divided into two groups. SRK-T and Haigis formulas were used to predict the IOL degree, and collected postoperative optometry results, calculated the absolute prediction error, then conducted statistical analysis. <p>RESULTS: There were no difference in the mean axial length, mean anterior chamber depth and mean corneal curvature(measured respectively by corneal topography and corneal keratometer)in the different ethnic groups(<i>P</i>>0.05), and the mean corneal curvature measured by the two methods had no difference(<i>P</i>>0.05). There were no difference of the mean corneal curvature measured by the two methods in the three axial eye groups(<i>P</i>>0.05)and in the same axial eye group(<i>P</i>>0.05). There were no difference in the absolute error of the two IOL measurement formulas in the three eye axis groups(<i>P</i>>0.05). The absolute error calculated by SRK-T formula for the short and the middle eye axis groups were smaller, while it calculated by Haigis formula for long eye axis group was smaller.<p>CONCLUSION: In our department, there are no statistical difference in the eye biometrics of Han, Yi and Hani nationality. Corneal curvature measured by corneal topography and corneal keratometer have no significant difference. SRK-T and Haigis formula both have high predictive value for IOL degree, SRK-T formula has smaller predictive error for patients which with short and middle eye axis, and Haigis formula has better predictive value for the long ones.

Desarrollo embriofetal del iris: inmunotinción del morfógeno Shh / Embryo-fetal development of iris: immunohistochemestry of morphogen Shh

RESUMEN: Para que se desarrolle el iris, se requiere una especificación de la capa periférica de la copa óptica a un destino no neuronal y además la migración de células mesenquimales perioculares. Nuestro objetivo fue reconocer los cambios histológicos de los derivados periféricos de la copa óptica y mesénquima periocular, como también reconocer la presencia del morfógeno Sonic hedgehog (Shh) en las capas que constituyen el esbozo de iris. Se utilizaron 15 ratones hembras (Mus musculus) adultas jóvenes gestantes. Se realizó eutanasia con tiopental sódico. Los embriones y fetos de 12, 14,5 y 17 días post-coital (dpc) fueron procesados con técnica histológica e inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpo anti-Shh (scbt, H-160, conejo) con dilución 1:100 en PBS. A los 12 dpc, se observa una cópa óptica que presenta capas retinianas interna y externa, y el iris no se observa. Entre el cristalino y el ectodermo superficial se identifican 4 capas de células mesenquimales. A los 14,5 dpc, el iris contiene dos capas epiteliales (interna y externa) que se continúan con las capas neural y pigmentaria de la retina. Se observan 8 capas de células mesenquimales. A los 17 dpc, la capa epitelial interna del iris presenta un segmento más elongado con inmunotinción positiva a Shh y otra parte que constituye un epitelio de células cilíndricas simples negativas a este anticuerpo. La capa epitelial externa presenta el mismo epitelio inmunonegativo. Las capas de la retina también son positivas, como también la periferia del cristalino. No esta formado el iris ni tampoco el cuerpo ciliar. La inmunopositividad en el cristalino, en el primer segmento de la capa interna del esbozo del iris y en la capa ganglionar retinal a los 17 dpc, se relaciona con la diferenciación tardía del iris y con los ojos cerrados de las crías al nacimiento.

SUMMARY: In order for the iris to develop, a specification of the peripheral layer of the optic cup to a non-neuronal target is required, as well as the migration of periocular mesenchymal cells. Our aim was to recognize the histological changes of peripheral derivatives of the optic cup and periocular mesenchyme, as well as recognize the presence of the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the layers constituting the outline of the iris. 15 female mice (Mus musculus) pregnant young adults were used. Euthanasia was performed with sodium thiopental. Embryos and fetuses of 12, 14.5 and 17 days post-coital (dpc) were processed with histological and immunohistochemical technique with anti-Shh antibody (scbt, H 160, rabbit) with dilution 1:100 in PBS. At 12 dpc, an optic cup showing internal and external retinal layers is observed, and the iris is not observed. Between the lens and the superficial ectoderm, 4 layers of mesenchymal cells are identified. At 14.5 dpc, the iris contains two epithelial layers (internal and external) that are continued with the neural and pigmentary layers of the retina. 8 layers of mesenchymal cells are observed. At 17 dpc, the inner epithelial layer of the iris presents a more elongated segment with positive immunostaining to Shh and another part that constitutes an epithelium of simple cylindrical cells negative to this antibody. The outer epithelial layer presents the same immunonegative epithelium. The layers of the retina are also positive, as well as the periphery of the lens. The iris is not formed nor is the ciliary body.The immunopositivity in the lens, in the first segment of the inner layer of the iris outline and in the retinal ganglion layer at 17 dpc, is related to the late differentiation of the iris and the closed eyes of the offspring at birth.

Biometric, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound assessment of eyes in healthy dogs / Avaliação biométrica, ultrassonográfica em modo-B e por Doppler colorido ocular de cães hígidos

B-scan ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool that allows characterization of internal organ anatomy and, when complemented by Doppler ultrasound, allows vascular hemodynamic assessment, increasing the diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the aim of the present study was the B-scan ultrasound characterization and measurement of the eyeball segments and assessment of the external ophthalmic artery by color and pulsed Doppler. Sixty eyeballs were assessed from 30 dogs of different breeds using an 8.5MHz microconvex transductor. First, biometry was performed by B-scan of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), vitreous chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve diameter (M7). Colored Doppler identified the external ophthalmic article and pulsed Doppler assessed its flow, and the following were measured: systolic peak velocity (VPS), final diastolic velocity (VDF), resistivity index (IR) and pulse index (IP). No statistical difference was observed for the biometric values of the eye segments between the right and left eyes (p>0.05). The vitreous chamber depth (M5) was shown to be the biometric variable with greatest bilateral symmetry, varying from 0.79 to 0.87cm and 0.78 to 0.86cm for the right and left eye, respectively. The ophthalmic artery was visualized over the optic nerve towards the eyeball, with flow stained red. There was no significant statistical difference between the Doppler velocimetric values for the ophthalmic artery between the right and left eye of the animals assessed (p>0.05). The mean resistivity index (RI) showed average values equal to 0.63±0.03, bilaterally. The mean base velocity was 17.50cm/s and 18.18cm/s at the systolic peak and 6.21cm/s and 6.68cm/s at the end of the diastole, for the right and left eyes respectively. The anatomic, biometric and hemodynamic characterization using the ultrasound B-scan and the Doppler modalities permitted the ultrasonographic and Doppler velocimetric assessment of the eyeball components in dogs of different breeds, and it can be used in ophthalmic clinical routine to identify eye pathologies.

O exame ultrassonográfico modo-B é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica que permite caracterizar a anatomia interna dos órgãos e, complementada pelo exame modo Doppler, possibilita realizar a avaliação hemodinâmica vascular, aumentando a acurácia diagnóstica. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização ultrassonográfica e mensuração dos segmentos do bulbo ocular modo-B, assim como a avaliação da artéria oftálmica externa pelo Doppler colorido e pulsado. Foram avaliados 60 bulbos oculares de 30 cães de diferentes raças utilizando transdutor microconvexo de 8,5MHz. Inicialmente foi realizada biometria por meio do exame em modo-B dos seguintes seguimentos: comprimento axial (M1), profundidade da câmara anterior (M2), espessura da lente (M3), comprimento da lente (M4), profundidade da câmara vítrea (M5), comprimento do disco óptico (M6) e diâmetro do nervo óptico (M7). A artéria oftálmica externa foi identificada pelo Doppler colorido e seu fluxo foi avaliado por meio do Doppler pulsado, sendo mensurados: velocidade do pico sistólico (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF), índice de resistividade (IR) e índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Não foi verificada diferença estatística para os valores biométricos dos seguimentos oculares entre os olhos direito e esquerdo (p>0,05). A profundidade da câmera vítrea (M5), mostrou-se a variável biométrica com maior simetria bilateral, variando entre 0,79 a 0,87cm e 0,78 a 0,86cm para o olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A artéria oftálmica foi visibilizada sobre o nervo óptico em direção ao bulbo ocular, com fluxo marcado em vermelho. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os valores Dopplervelocimétricos da artéria oftálmica entre do olho direito e esquerdo dos animais avaliados (p>0.05). O índice de resistividade (IR) médio evidenciou valores médios sendo igual a 0,63±0,03, bilateralmente. A velocidade basal média foi 17,50cm/s e 18,18cm/s no pico sistólico e 6,21cm/s e 6,68cm/s no final da diástole, para os olhos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A caracterização anatômica, biométrica e hemodinâmica utilizando o exame ultrassonográfico modo-B e as modalidades do Doppler permitiram a avaliação ultrassonográfica e Dopplervelocimétrica dos componentes do bulbo ocular nos cães de diferentes raças, podendo ser utilizados na rotina clínica oftalmológica para identificação de patologias oculares.

Measurement of the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Association with Eyeball Diameter in Healthy Adults

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is an indirect marker of the intracranial pressure, but the normal range of ONSD as measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its associations with clinical parameters and the eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) remain unclear. METHODS: We included 314 healthy adults who underwent brain MRI examinations for health screening between June 2014 and September 2017. The ONSD and ETD of each eye were calculated using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between ONSD and variables including age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ETD. We further investigated a normative value for the ONSD/ETD ratio and its associated factors. RESULTS: The mean ONSD and ETD were 4.71 mm [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.66–4.75 mm] and 21.24 mm (95% CI, 21.13–21.35 mm), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that ONSD was only associated with ETD (p < 0.001), with it being independent of age, sex, height, weight, BMI, MABP, and IOP. The ONSD/ETD ratio had a mean value of 0.22 (95% CI, 0.22–0.22), and was not correlated with age, sex, height, weight, BMI, MABP, or IOP. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined the normative value of MRI-based ONSD in healthy Korean adults. There was a strong correlation between the ETD and ONSD, which can be presented as the ONSD/ETD ratio. This parameter needs to be investigated further in disease populations.

Visual structure and functional development of marine medaka, oryzias melastigma / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To observe the structure of the visual organ and functional development of marine medaka and to provide a theoretical basis for further studying its behavior. Methods The structure of visual organ of marine medaka was examined, with emphasis on the variations of its eyeball and retina. Results The medaka visual organ developed very rapidly. At the embryonic period, the pigment layer of the eyeball appeared, and there already had a significant eye area. At the first day,the structural development of the eyeball and retina were basically completed. At the 6th day, there was a significant difference of pigment layer and photoreceptor layer between light and dark vision. At the 23th day,the retinal structure was greatly changed, which can explain the reason about the change of medaka from the floating stage to the benthic stage. During from 9 to 14 month-old, the thickness of all layers in the retina decreased, indicating that the vision was degraded. Meanwhile,the kernel layer differentiation was obvious,as vertebral cells showed photoreceptor layer structure closely inlaid with rod cells, that medaka has good light sensitivity and strong visual acuity. The rapid development of medaka visual organ can be recognized as it needs to adapt the surroundings and to keep the life events such as feeding. Conclusions The development process of the visual organ of marine medaka is obvious and can provide a theoretical basis for further study of its behavior, and it may be a good experimental method for studying other related species.

A comparative study on the effect of fixation for guinea pigs eyeballs among three different fixation solution / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM:To compare the effect of fixation and select the optimal fixation solution and condition for PAS staining of guinea pig eyes among three different fixation solution:4％ paraformaldehyde solution,4％ glutaraldehyde solution and Davidson solution.· METHODS:Totally 30 healthy guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups:Group Ⅰ-Ⅱ were fixed in 4％ paraformaldehyde solution and 4％ glutaraldehyde solution for 24h,respectively;Group Ⅲ-Ⅴ were fixed in Davidson solution for 3,6 and 24h,respectively;and Group Ⅵ were fixed in Davidson solution for 3h and then transferred into 10％ neutral formaldehyde solution for 48h.All groups were sectioned by routine section method and undergone PAS staining,and then observed by light microscope.· RESULTS:It was found that the group which was fixed by Davidson solution for 3h,remained the most complete structure for PAS staining (Group Ⅲ).While the effect of fixation for the group which was transferred into 10％ neutral formaldehyde solution for preserving for 48h after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h was also acceptable for PAS staining (Group Ⅵ).The retinal cells remained clear and in order for both groups which was mentioned above.· CONCLUSION:The best fixation condition for PAS staining for eyes of guinea pigs is fixation in Davidson solution for 3h among these fixation conditions,while it is also suitable to transfer the eyes into neutral formaldehyde solution after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h for preserving for long periods,which is not severely reduced the effect of fixation for PAS staining.

Analysis of CT findings and etiology of calcification of the eyeball wall / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate CT findings and the common causes of calcification of the eyeball wall.Methods CT manifestations of 26 cases of calcification of the eyeball wall were reviewed.3 cases were confirmed by surgery and pathology.Etiological diagnosis was made in 23 cases on the basis of detailed history,ophthalmic examination,clinical laboratory and follow-up results.Results Of the 26 patients with calcification of the eyeball wall,19 occurred in unilateral eye,7 occurred in bilateral eyes.The common causes of calcification of the eyeball wall included choroidal osteoma(n= 7),sclerochoroidal calcification(n= 5),subconjunctival lipoma with calcification(n= 4),optic diskdrusen(n=3),long-standing retinal detachment(n=3),recurrent traumatic endophthalmitis(n=2),chronic uveitis(n=1)and postkeratoplasty (n=1).The calcified lesions located in the back of equator of eyeball were showed in 17 patients(66%),in the front of equator in 5 patients(19%),both in the front and back of equator were seen in 4 patients(15%)with multiple lesions.On CT,calcified lesions of the eyeball wall mainly demonstrated some punctiformed,stippled,flat,peltate and irregular high density lesions,and 4 cases with ocular atrophy.Conclusion Most diseases that result in calcification of the eyeball wall have typical location and lesion shape.CT scan is valuable for finding the etiological factors and guiding the clinical treatment.

Study on cell-penetrating peptides carrying foreign proteins into eyeball / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate whether poly arginine as the carrier can carry foreign proteins to penetrate the cell membrane and even penetrate the eyeball barrier.Methods Poly-Args (R9) was used as a CPP in this study.R9-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GFP were constructed.In vitro,human lens epithelial cells were treated with these two proteins.Then,MTT assay were used to detect whether the protein could affect the proliferation of the cells.Flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy were used to detect the penetrability of CPPs on the cells.In vivo,eyes of mice were treated with protein in eye drops way for 7 days.Then total protein were extracted,ELISA were used to detect the penetrability of CPPs.Results The results of MTT,flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy showed that CPPs could carry protein into cells in a dose dependent manner without affecting cell proliferation.In vivo,slit lamp showed that the mice eyeballs had no any abnormal after treated by GFP,R9-GFP,and ELISA results also showed that R9 could effectively get foreign protein into the eyeball.Conelusion R9 can carry foreign protein into the cell membrane and eyeball barrier.This study provides the basis for the eye medication and dosing mode improvement.

Three-dimensional and topographic relationships between the orbital margins with reference to assessment of eyeball protrusion / 대한해부학회지

This study investigated the topographic relationships among the eyeball and four orbital margins with the aim of identifying the correlation between orbital geometry and eyeball protrusion in Koreans. Three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering of the face was performed using serial computed-tomography images of 141 Koreans, and several landmarks on the bony orbit and the cornea were directly marked on the 3D volumes. The anterior-posterior distances from the apex of the cornea to each orbital margin and between the orbital margins were measured in both eyes. The distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior, medial, inferior, and lateral orbital margins were 5.8, 5.8, 12.0, and 17.9 mm, respectively. Differences between sides were observed in all of the orbital margins, and the distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior and inferior orbital margins were significantly greater in females than in males. The anterior-posterior distance between the superior and inferior orbital margins did not differ significantly between males (6.3 mm) and females (6.2 mm). The data obtained in this study will be useful when developing practical guidelines applicable to forensic facial reconstruction and orbitofacial surgeries.

Morphology of the eyeball, orbit and retina of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins under hypoxic conditions / Morfología del bulbo ocular, órbita y retina de alevines del salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) bajo condiciones hipóxicas

It has been demonstrated that hypoxia retards the growth of fish, reduces the survival of their larvae, deforms their vertebral column, but despite this teleost fish have the ability to completely regenerate many of their tissues, particularly the retina. As we do not have enough information about the effects of hypoxia on the eyeball, orbit and retina of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), we propose the following objectives: 1) Compare the morphological changes of the eyeball of fish subject to hypoxia and normoxia. 2) Determine changes in the orbit structure. 3) Describe the retina of salmon alevins. 4). Recognize hypoxic cells using the anti-Hif1a antibody in the retina of alevins as a sensor. 5) Determine the Shh morphogenic expression in alevins exposed to different times of hypoxia. Around 1,000 Salmo salar alevins were placed in a continuous water flow of 9 °C at 100 % SatO2 and alevins maintained at a hypoxia of 60 % SatO2. The latter were transferred to normoxia (at days two, four, and eight after hatching). A control group maintained at continuous normoxia and another at continuous hypoxia was also considered. All the alevins were euthanized at 950 UTAs (±2 months after hatching). Diaphonization (double-stain) according to the Hanken & Wassersug technique was undertaken to describe the morphology of the periocular cartilage and to measure the ocular diameter. The HIF-1a factor antibody 1:50, and the anti-Shh antibody dilution of 1:100 were used. The alevins after hatching had large eyeballs with the optic cup having an embryonic shape, even a choroidal fissure. The greatest thickness was observed in the nasal ventral zone which corresponds to a zone of pluripotent cells. The optic cup aspect with embryonic characteristics has only been reported in salmonids. The central retina of the alevins those were cultivated with a 60 % saturation of O2 for two, four or eight days had positive immunostaining when analyzed with the anti-HIF1a antibody hypoxia sensor. The inner ganglion and nuclear layers had immunopositive cells, with the highest in the alevins that were two days in hypoxia and the lowest when the hypoxia was chronic. Nevertheless, in the latter case the alevins had anatomical deformation of the eyeball and periocular cartilage. The anti-Shh antibody clearly shows a gradient that is expressed in the germinative zone and in the cells of the inner ganglion and nuclear layers. The eyeball and particularly the retina in salmon alevins are an example of neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis.

Se ha demostrado que la hipoxia retarda el crecimiento de los peces, reduce la supervivencia de sus larvas, deforma su columna vertebral, pero a pesar de esto, este pez teleósteo tiene la capacidad de regenerar completamente muchos de sus tejidos, en particular la retina. Como no existe suficiente información sobre los efectos de la hipoxia en el bulbo ocular, la órbita y retina del salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar), los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) Comparar los cambios morfológicos del bulbo ocular del pescado sujetos a hipoxia y normoxia; 2) Determinar los cambios en la estructura de la órbita; 3) Describir la retina de los alevines de salmón; 4) Reconocer las células hipóxicas utilizando el anticuerpo anti-Hif1a en la retina de alevines como un sensor; 5) Determinar la expresión morfogenética de Shh en alevines expuestos a diferentes momentos de hipoxia. Alrededor de 1.000 alevines Salmo salar se colocaron en un flujo continuo de agua a 9 °C, con 100 % de SatO2 y otros alevines se mantuvieron con una hipoxia de 60 % SatO2. Estos últimos fueron trasladados a normoxia (en los días dos, cuatro y ocho después de la eclosión). Un grupo control se mantuvo a normoxia continua y otro grupo a hipoxia continua. Todos los alevines se sacrificaron a 950 UTA (+ dos meses después de la eclosión). Se realizcón una diafonización (doble tinción), de acuerdo con la técnica de Hanken & Wassersug, para describir la morfología del cartílago periocular y para medir el diámetro ocular. Se utilizaron el anticuerpo anti-Hif1a a una dilución 1:50, y el anticuerpo anti-Shh a una dilución de 1:100. Los alevines después de la eclosión presentaron grandes bulbos oculares, con la copa óptica con forma embrionaria, incluso una fisura coroidea. El mayor espesor se observó en la zona ventral nasal que corresponde a una zona de células pluripotentes. El aspecto de la copa óptica con características embrionarias sólo se ha informado en los salmónidos. La retina central de los alevines fueron cultivadas con una saturación de 60 % de O2 para dos, cuatro y ocho días, y presentó inmunotinción positiva cuando se analizó con el sensor de hipoxia, el anticuerpo anti-HIF1a. El ganglio interior y las capas nucleares presentaron células immunopositivas, con los niveles más altos en los alevines con dos días de hipoxia y niveles más bajos en hipoxia crónica. Sin embargo, en éste último caso los alevines presentaron una deformación anatómica del bulbo ocular y el cartílago periocular. El anticuerpo anti-Shh mostró claramente un gradiente expresado en la zona germinativa y en las células del ganglio interior y las capas nucleares. El bulbo ocular y en particular la retina en alevines de salmón son un ejemplo de plasticidad neuronal y neurogénesis.

Histological analysis of the eyeball of Neotropical birds of prey Caracara plancus, Falco sparverius, Rupornis magnirostris, Megascops choliba and Athene cunicularia / Análise histológica do bulbo ocular de aves de rapina neotropicais: Caracara plancus, Falco sparverius, Rupornis magnirostris, Megascops choliba e Athene cunicularia

The growing use of ophthalmic examination as a screening tool in birds intended for reintroduction into natural environments over the last few years has given renewed significance to avian ophthalmology in the context of free-ranging and captive bird conservation. The eye plays a vital role in prey detection and capture by birds of prey. The remarkable eyesight of such birds makes them interesting subjects for avian visual system anatomical and histological investigation. This study set out to describe histological features of the eyeball of ubiquitous birds of prey in Brazil (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes and Strigiformes). Twenty enucleated cadaveric eyeballs obtained from birds with natural death, Caracara plancus, Falco sparverius, Rupornis magnirostris, Megascops choliba and Athene cunicularia were used. Routinely prepared histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were analyzed under light microscopy. Similarities and variations in ocular structures between the different bird species studied were highlighted in this study, with major differences concerning the lens and retina. This study highlights the importance of determining the ocular histological pattern of the species so they can be better understood. These results may well assign baseline information of the species and assist in eye histopathological diagnostics.(AU)

Nos últimos anos a oftalmologia aviária se tornou um instrumento de grande relevância para a conservação de aves de vida livre e de cativeiro, principalmente pela crescente utilização do exame oftalmológico para a triagem de indivíduos designados para reintrodução em ambientes naturais. Os olhos das aves de rapina são estruturas imprescindíveis para detectar e capturar suas presas, e a sua notável capacidade visual torna o seu sistema de visão assunto de grande interesse para o estudo anatômico e histológico. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho foi realizada a análise histológica do bulbo ocular de aves de rapina representadas por espécies pertencentes às ordens Falconiformes, Accipitriformes e Strigiformes presentes em território brasileiro. Para realização do estudo foram utilizados vinte bulbos oculares obtidos de animais mortos por causas naturais, das espécies Caracara plancus, Falco sparverius, Rupornis magnirostris, Megascops choliba e Athene cunicularia.. As lâminas histológicas foram coradas pela técnica de hematoxilina e eosina e, analisadas por microscopia óptica. Foi constatada a existência de um padrão histológico com discreta variação entre as estruturas oculares nas diferentes espécies avaliadas, com destaque para o cristalino e a retina. Este estudo salienta a importância da determinação do padrão histológico ocular das espécies, e seus resultados atribuem informações histológicas basais auxiliares na determinação de diagnósticos histopatológicos oculares.(AU)